The strongest case against Akbar’s building spree is opportunity cost, and it’s not close. Every rupee and every conscripted laborer sunk into a tomb or fort gate is a rupee not spent on irrigation, roads, garrison pay, or famine relief. Monuments look impressive because they survive; the costs that might have prevented a revolt or a crop failure don’t leave a postcard. The other side will say architecture projected legitimacy, and sure, some of that mattered. But legitimacy bought with display is fragile when the treasury is thin. Heavy monumental investment was a luxury the empire could admire but not easily afford.